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The aerodynamics of revolving wings II. Propeller force coefficients from mayfly to quail
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
* Present address: Concord Field Station, MCZ, Harvard University, Old Causeway
Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
(e-mail: jimusherwood{at}lycos.co.uk )
Accepted 21 March 2002
High force coefficients, similar to those observed for revolving model
hawkmoth wings in the accompanying paper (for which steady leading-edge
vortices are directly observed), are apparent for revolving model (mayfly,
bumblebee and quail) and real (quail) animal wings ranging in Reynolds number
(Re) from 1100 to 26000. Results for bumblebee and hawkmoth wings
agree with those published previously for Drosophila
(Re
200). The effect of aspect ratio is also tested with planforms
based on hawkmoth wings adjusted to aspect ratios ranging from 4.53 to 15.84
and is shown to be relatively minor, especially at angles of incidence below
50°.
The normal force relationship introduced in the accompanying paper is supported for wings over a large range of aspect ratios in both `early' and `steady' conditions; local induced velocities appear not to affect the relationship.
Key words: aerodynamics, flight, propeller, force coefficient, lift, drag, wing
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