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The aerodynamics of revolving wings I. Model hawkmoth wings
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
* Present address: Concord Field Station, MCZ, Harvard University, Old Causeway
Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
(e-mail: jimusherwood{at}lycos.co.uk )
Accepted 21 March 2002
Recent work on flapping hawkmoth models has demonstrated the importance of
a spiral `leading-edge vortex' created by dynamic stall, and maintained by
some aspect of spanwise flow, for creating the lift required during flight.
This study uses propeller models to investigate further the forces acting on
model hawkmoth wings in `propeller-like' rotation (`revolution'). Steadily
revolving model hawkmoth wings produce high vertical (
lift) and
horizontal ( profile drag) force coefficients because of the presence of a
leading-edge vortex. Both horizontal and vertical forces, at relevant angles
of attack, are dominated by the pressure difference between the upper and
lower surfaces; separation at the leading edge prevents `leading-edge
suction'. This allows a simple geometric relationship between vertical and
horizontal forces and the geometric angle of attack to be derived for thin,
flat wings. Force coefficients are remarkably unaffected by considerable
variations in leading-edge detail, twist and camber. Traditional accounts of
the adaptive functions of twist and camber are based on conventional
attached-flow aerodynamics and are not supported. Attempts to derive
conventional profile drag and lift coefficients from `steady' propeller
coefficients are relatively successful for angles of incidence up to 50°
and, hence, for the angles normally applicable to insect flight.
Key words: aerodynamics, Manduca sexta, propeller, hawkmoth, model, leading-edge vortex, flight, insect, lift, drag
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