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The Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 2861-2872 (2001)
© 2001 The Company of Biologists Limited

EFFECTS OF HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE TRAINING ON CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION, OXYGEN UPTAKE, INTERNAL OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND OSMOTIC BALANCE IN CHINOOK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA) DURING CRITICAL SPEED SWIMMING

P. E. GALLAUGHER^1,2, H. THORARENSEN³, A. KIESSLING^4,* and A. P. FARRELL^2,

¹ Continuing Studies in Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
² Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
³ Holar Agricultural College, 551 Sudarkrokur, Iceland
⁴ Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6 Canada
^* Present address: Matre Research Station IMR, 5198 Matredal, Norway
Author for correspondence (e-mail: farrell{at}sfu.ca )

Accepted May 14, 2001

To examine cardiorespiratory plasticity, cardiovascular function, oxygen consumption, oxygen delivery and osmotic balance were measured at velocities up to critical swimming speed (U_crit) in seawater-adapted chinook salmon. We used two groups of fish. The control group had swum continuously for 4 months at a low intensity (0.5 BL s^-1) and the other was given a high-intensity training regimen (a U_crit swim test on alternate days) over the same period of time. Compared with available data for other salmonid species, the control group had a higher maximum oxygen consumption (_o2max; 244 µmol O₂ min^-1 kg^-1), cardiac output (_max; 65 ml min^-1 kg^-1) and blood oxygen content (Ca_O2; 15 ml O₂ dl^-1). Exercise training caused a 50% increase in _o2max without changing either U_crit or Ca_O2, even though there were small but significant increases in hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and relative ventricular mass. During swimming, however, exercise-trained fish experienced a smaller decrease in body mass and muscle moisture, a smaller increase in plasma osmolality, and reduced venous oxygen stores compared with control fish. Consequently, exercise training apparently diminished the osmo—respiratory compromise, but improved oxygen extraction at the tissues. We conclude that the training-induced increase in _o2max provided benefits to systems other than the locomotory system, such as osmoregulation, enabling trained fish to better multitask physiological functions while swimming. Furthermore, because a good interspecific correlation exists between _o2max and arterial oxygen supply (_o2max; r²=0.99) among temperate fish species, it is likely that Ca_O2 and _max are principal loci for cardiorespiratory evolutionary adaptation but not for intraspecific cardiorepiratory plasticity as revealed by high intensity exercise training.

Key words: salmon, cardiac output, heart rate, oxygen consumption, plasma osmolality, oxygen transport, swimming, exercise training, osmo—respiratory compromise, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

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