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Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 203, Issue 24 3765-3774, Copyright © 2000 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
JM Hicks and AP Farrell
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.
The extreme anoxia-tolerance of freshwater turtles under cold conditions is well documented, but little is known about their cardiac performance in such situations. Using chronic catheterization techniques, we measured systemic cardiac power output (PO(sys)), systemic cardiac output (Q(.)(sys)), heart rate (fh), systemic stroke volume (V(s,sys)), systemic resistance (R(sys)) and mean arterial pressure (P(sys)) in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta). The effects of cold acclimation and anoxic exposure were studied. Turtles were acclimated to either 22 degrees C or 5 degrees C, and the anoxic exposure was either acute (6 h) at 22 degrees C or chronic (3 weeks) at 5 degrees C. Cold acclimation alone decreased PO(sys) by 15-fold, representing a Q(10) of 8.8. In addition, fh and V(s,sys) decreased significantly, while R(sys) increased and moderated the arterial hypotension. Acute and chronic anoxic exposures significantly decreased PO(sys), V(s,sys), fh and P(sys) and increased R(sys). But the changes were qualitatively much larger with chronic anoxia. For example, acute anoxia in 22 degrees C-acclimated turtles decreased PO(sys) by 6.6-fold, whereas chronic anoxia in 5 degrees C-acclimated turtles decreased PO(sys) by 20-fold. The remarkable cardiovascular down-regulation that accompanies long periods of cold anoxia in these turtles was characterized by comparing cardiovascular status during chronic anoxia at 5 degrees C with that during normoxia at 22 degrees C. Cardiac PO(sys) was reduced 330-fold, through decreases in Q(.)(sys) (120-fold), fh (24.2-fold), V(s,sys) (5.7-fold) and P(sys) (2. 2-fold), while R(sys) was increased 64.6-fold. We also compared cardiac glycolytic rates by assuming that PO(sys) was proportional to ATP supply and that glycolysis yielded 18 times less ATP per mole of glucose than oxidative metabolism. At 22 degrees C, the 6.6-fold decrease in PO(sys) with anoxia suggests that a Pasteur effect was needed in cardiac tissues during acute anoxia. However, this would not be so with chronic anoxia at 5 degrees C because of the 22-fold decrease in PO(sys). We propose that the suppression of the Pasteur effect and the large Q(10) values for cold acclimation would conserve glucose stores and enable turtles to withstand anoxia much longer under cold than under warm conditions.
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  J. A. W. Stecyk, V. Paajanen, A. P. Farrell, and M. Vornanen Effect of temperature and prolonged anoxia exposure on electrophysiological properties of the turtle (Trachemys scripta) heart Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): R421 - R437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Overgaard, H. Gesser, and T. Wang Tribute to P. L. Lutz: cardiac performance and cardiovascular regulation during anoxia/hypoxia in freshwater turtles J. Exp. Biol., May 15, 2007; 210(10): 1687 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. W. Stecyk and A. P. Farrell Effects of extracellular changes on spontaneous heart rate of normoxia- and anoxia-acclimated turtles (Trachemys scripta) J. Exp. Biol., February 1, 2007; 210(3): 421 - 431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. Jackson, S. E. Taylor, V. S. Asare, D. Villarnovo, J. M. Gall, and S. A. Reese Comparative shell buffering properties correlate with anoxia tolerance in freshwater turtles Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): R1008 - R1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. E. Nilsson and G. M. C. Renshaw Hypoxic survival strategies in two fishes: extreme anoxia tolerance in the North European crucian carp and natural hypoxic preconditioning in a coral-reef shark J. Exp. Biol., August 15, 2004; 207(18): 3131 - 3139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Overgaard and H. Gesser Force development, energy state and ATP production of cardiac muscle from turtles and trout during normoxia and severe hypoxia J. Exp. Biol., May 1, 2004; 207(11): 1915 - 1924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. W. Stecyk, J. Overgaard, A. P. Farrell, and T. Wang {alpha}-Adrenergic regulation of systemic peripheral resistance and blood flow distribution in the turtle Trachemys scripta during anoxic submergence at 5{degrees}C and 21{degrees}C J. Exp. Biol., January 15, 2004; 207(2): 269 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. W. Stecyk and A. P. Farrell Cardiorespiratory responses of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to severe hypoxia at three acclimation temperatures J. Exp. Biol., March 15, 2002; 205(6): 759 - 768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Hicks and A. Farrell The cardiovascular responses of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) acclimated to either 22 or 5 degrees C. II. Effects of anoxia on adrenergic and cholinergic control J. Exp. Biol., January 12, 2000; 203(24): 3775 - 3784. [Abstract] [PDF]
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