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Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 201, Issue 6 877-882, Copyright © 1998 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
K. Lukowiak, R. Cotter, J. Westly, E. Ringseis, G. Spencer and N. Syed
The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis breaths bimodally either through its skin (cutaneous respiration) or via a rudimentary lung opening called the pneumostome (aerial respiration). Aerial respiratory behaviour can be operantly conditioned. Animals placed in an aquatic, hypoxic environment received a tactile stimulus to the pneumostome area every time they attempted to breathe. Over a period of five training sessions (2.5 days), the animals learned not to breathe, and the number of stimuli received in the fifth session was significantly lower than in the first session. These changes in the respiratory behaviour following the operant paradigm were shown to persist for at least 24 h. We aimed to determine whether the changes in the learned behaviour would persist for longer. We obtained direct evidence that the behavioural changes following operant conditioning persisted for at least 4 weeks following the last training session. However, we found that the persistence of this memory was dependent upon the training procedure used. Memory persisted longer following a spaced training procedure (4 weeks) as opposed to a massed training procedure (2 weeks). Yoked control animals showed no changes in their respiratory behaviour over the same time periods. However, if these yoked control animals were subjected to an operant conditioning procedure, their ability to learn was not impeded. This study demonstrated that operant conditioning of a behaviour pattern in a molluscan preparation can result in long-term memory and that the persistence of the memory is contingent on the training procedure used.
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  M. Orr, K. Hittel, K. S. Lukowiak, J. Han, and K. Lukowiak Differences in LTM-forming capability between geographically different strains of Alberta Lymnaea stagnalis are maintained whether they are trained in the lab or in the wild J. Exp. Biol., December 1, 2009; 212(23): 3911 - 3918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. V. Orr, K. Hittel, and K. Lukowiak `Different strokes for different folks': geographically isolated strains of Lymnaea stagnalis only respond to sympatric predators and have different memory forming capabilities J. Exp. Biol., July 15, 2009; 212(14): 2237 - 2247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Khan and G. E. Spencer Novel neural correlates of operant conditioning in normal and differentially reared Lymnaea J. Exp. Biol., April 1, 2009; 212(7): 922 - 933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. V. Orr, K. Hittel, and K. Lukowiak Comparing memory-forming capabilities between laboratory-reared and wild Lymnaea: learning in the wild, a heritable component of snail memory J. Exp. Biol., September 1, 2008; 211(17): 2807 - 2816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. De Caigny and K. Lukowiak Crowding, an environmental stressor, blocks long-term memory formation in Lymnaea J. Exp. Biol., August 15, 2008; 211(16): 2678 - 2688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Lukowiak, K. Martens, D. Rosenegger, K. Browning, P. de Caigny, and M. Orr The perception of stress alters adaptive behaviours in Lymnaea stagnalis J. Exp. Biol., June 1, 2008; 211(11): 1747 - 1756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. V. Orr and K. Lukowiak Electrophysiological and Behavioral Evidence Demonstrating That Predator Detection Alters Adaptive Behaviors in the Snail Lymnaea J. Neurosci., March 12, 2008; 28(11): 2726 - 2734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Lowe and G. E. Spencer Perturbation of the activity of a single identified neuron affects long-term memory formation in a molluscan semi-intact preparation J. Exp. Biol., February 15, 2006; 209(4): 711 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Rosenegger, S. Roth, and K. Lukowiak Learning and memory in Lymnaea are negatively altered by acute low-level concentrations of hydrogen sulphide J. Exp. Biol., July 1, 2004; 207(15): 2621 - 2630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sangha, A. Scheibenstock, R. Morrow, and K. Lukowiak Extinction Requires New RNA and Protein Synthesis and the Soma of the Cell Right Pedal Dorsal 1 in Lymnaea stagnalis J. Neurosci., October 29, 2003; 23(30): 9842 - 9851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sangha, A. Scheibenstock, and K. Lukowiak Reconsolidation of a Long-Term Memory in Lymnaea Requires New Protein and RNA Synthesis and the Soma of Right Pedal Dorsal 1 J. Neurosci., September 3, 2003; 23(22): 8034 - 8040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Lukowiak, S. Sangha, C. McComb, N. Varshney, D. Rosenegger, H. Sadamoto, and A. Scheibenstock Associative learning and memory in Lymnaea stagnalis: how well do they remember? J. Exp. Biol., July 1, 2003; 206(13): 2097 - 2103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Lukowiak, Z. Haque, G. Spencer, N. Varshay, S. Sangha, and N. Syed Long-Term Memory Survives Nerve Injury and the Subsequent Regeneration Process Learn. Mem., January 1, 2003; 10(1): 44 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. E. Spencer, M. H. Kazmi, N. I. Syed, and K. Lukowiak Changes in the Activity of a CPG Neuron After the Reinforcement of an Operantly Conditioned Behavior in Lymnaea J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 1915 - 1923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Smyth, S. Sangha, and K. Lukowiak Gone but not forgotten: the lingering effects of intermediate-term memory on the persistence of long-term memory J. Exp. Biol., January 1, 2002; 205(1): 131 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Haney and K. Lukowiak Context Learning and the Effect of Context on Memory Retrieval in Lymnaea Learn. Mem., January 1, 2001; 8(1): 35 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. R. Benjamin, K. Staras, and G. Kemenes A Systems Approach to the Cellular Analysis of Associative Learning in the Pond Snail Lymnaea Learn. Mem., May 1, 2000; 7(3): 124 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Lukowiak, N. Adatia, D. Krygier, and N. Syed Operant Conditioning in Lymnaea: Evidence for Intermediate- and Long-term Memory Learn. Mem., May 1, 2000; 7(3): 140 - 150. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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G. E. Spencer, N. I. Syed, and K. Lukowiak Neural Changes after Operant Conditioning of the Aerial Respiratory Behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis J. Neurosci., March 1, 1999; 19(5): 1836 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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