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Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 199, Issue 3 683-691, Copyright © 1996 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
K Lukowiak, E Ringseis, G Spencer, W Wildering and N Syed
In this study, we operantly conditioned the aerial respiratory behaviour of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea stagnalis is accomplished by the spontaneous opening and closing of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome, at the water surface. Weak tactile stimulation of the pneumostome area, when the pneumostome is open, evoked only the pneumostome closure response, which is one aspect of the escape-withdrawal reflex. Pneumostome stimulation resulted in its closure and the termination of aerial respiratory activity. A contingent tactile stimulation paradigm was used to operantly condition the animals. Stimulation of the pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe resulted in significantly fewer attempts to open the pneumostome as training progressed. The latency of the first breath (subsequent to stimulation), the number of breaths and the total breathing time were measured before and after each training period. Significant, quantifiable changes in these behavioural parameters were observed only in the operant conditioning group animals. Control animals receiving tactile stimulation to their pneumostome not contingent upon pneumostome opening movements (yoked controls) or those that were physically prevented from surfacing to breathe (hypoxic controls), did not exhibit significant changes in these behavioural parameters. Our data provide the first direct evidence for operant conditioning of respiration in any animal.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  K. Lukowiak, K. Martens, D. Rosenegger, K. Browning, P. de Caigny, and M. Orr The perception of stress alters adaptive behaviours in Lymnaea stagnalis J. Exp. Biol., June 1, 2008; 211(11): 1747 - 1756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. V. Orr and K. Lukowiak Electrophysiological and Behavioral Evidence Demonstrating That Predator Detection Alters Adaptive Behaviors in the Snail Lymnaea J. Neurosci., March 12, 2008; 28(11): 2726 - 2734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. V. Orr, M. El-Bekai, M. Lui, K. Watson, and K. Lukowiak Predator detection in Lymnaea stagnalis J. Exp. Biol., December 1, 2007; 210(23): 4150 - 4158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Carter, K. Lukowiak, J. O. Schenk, and B. A. Sorg Repeated cocaine effects on learning, memory and extinction in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis J. Exp. Biol., November 1, 2006; 209(21): 4273 - 4282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Lowe and G. E. Spencer Perturbation of the activity of a single identified neuron affects long-term memory formation in a molluscan semi-intact preparation J. Exp. Biol., February 15, 2006; 209(4): 711 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Sakakibara, F. Okuda, K. Nomura, K. Watanabe, H. Meng, T. Horikoshi, and K. Lukowiak Potassium Currents in Isolated Statocyst Neurons and RPeD1 in the Pond Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2005; 94(6): 3884 - 3892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. McComb, N. Varshney, and K. Lukowiak Juvenile Lymnaea ventilate, learn and remember differently than do adult Lymnaea J. Exp. Biol., April 15, 2005; 208(8): 1459 - 1467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Parvez, O. Stewart, S. Sangha, and K. Lukowiak Boosting intermediate-term into long-term memory J. Exp. Biol., April 15, 2005; 208(8): 1525 - 1536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Rosenegger, S. Roth, and K. Lukowiak Learning and memory in Lymnaea are negatively altered by acute low-level concentrations of hydrogen sulphide J. Exp. Biol., July 1, 2004; 207(15): 2621 - 2630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sangha, A. Scheibenstock, R. Morrow, and K. Lukowiak Extinction Requires New RNA and Protein Synthesis and the Soma of the Cell Right Pedal Dorsal 1 in Lymnaea stagnalis J. Neurosci., October 29, 2003; 23(30): 9842 - 9851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sangha, A. Scheibenstock, and K. Lukowiak Reconsolidation of a Long-Term Memory in Lymnaea Requires New Protein and RNA Synthesis and the Soma of Right Pedal Dorsal 1 J. Neurosci., September 3, 2003; 23(22): 8034 - 8040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Lukowiak, S. Sangha, C. McComb, N. Varshney, D. Rosenegger, H. Sadamoto, and A. Scheibenstock Associative learning and memory in Lymnaea stagnalis: how well do they remember? J. Exp. Biol., July 1, 2003; 206(13): 2097 - 2103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sangha, A. Scheibenstock, C. McComb, and K. Lukowiak Intermediate and long-term memories of associative learning are differentially affected by transcription versus translation blockers inLymnaea J. Exp. Biol., May 15, 2003; 206(10): 1605 - 1613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. S. Mitchell and S. M. Johnson Plasticity in Respiratory Motor Control: Invited Review: Neuroplasticity in respiratory motor control J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2003; 94(1): 358 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sangha, C. McComb, and K. Lukowiak Forgetting and the extension of memory in Lymnaea J. Exp. Biol., January 1, 2003; 206(1): 71 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Lukowiak, Z. Haque, G. Spencer, N. Varshay, S. Sangha, and N. Syed Long-Term Memory Survives Nerve Injury and the Subsequent Regeneration Process Learn. Mem., January 1, 2003; 10(1): 44 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Scheibenstock, D. Krygier, Z. Haque, N. Syed, and K. Lukowiak The Soma of RPeD1 Must Be Present for Long-Term Memory Formation of Associative Learning in Lymnaea J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 1584 - 1591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. E. Spencer, M. H. Kazmi, N. I. Syed, and K. Lukowiak Changes in the Activity of a CPG Neuron After the Reinforcement of an Operantly Conditioned Behavior in Lymnaea J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 1915 - 1923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sangha, C. McComb, A. Scheibenstock, C. Johannes, and K. Lukowiak The effects of continuous versus partial reinforcement schedules on associative learning, memory and extinction in Lymnaea stagnalis J. Exp. Biol., April 15, 2002; 205(8): 1171 - 1178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Smyth, S. Sangha, and K. Lukowiak Gone but not forgotten: the lingering effects of intermediate-term memory on the persistence of long-term memory J. Exp. Biol., January 1, 2002; 205(1): 131 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Jones, G. Kemenes, and P. R. Benjamin Selective Expression of Electrical Correlates of Differential Appetitive Classical Conditioning in a Feeding Network J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2001; 85(1): 89 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Haney and K. Lukowiak Context Learning and the Effect of Context on Memory Retrieval in Lymnaea Learn. Mem., January 1, 2001; 8(1): 35 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. R. Benjamin, K. Staras, and G. Kemenes A Systems Approach to the Cellular Analysis of Associative Learning in the Pond Snail Lymnaea Learn. Mem., May 1, 2000; 7(3): 124 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Lukowiak, N. Adatia, D. Krygier, and N. Syed Operant Conditioning in Lymnaea: Evidence for Intermediate- and Long-term Memory Learn. Mem., May 1, 2000; 7(3): 140 - 150. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. Nargeot, D. A. Baxter, and J. H. Byrne In Vitro Analog of Operant Conditioning in Aplysia. I. Contingent Reinforcement Modifies the Functional Dynamics of an Identified Neuron J. Neurosci., March 15, 1999; 19(6): 2247 - 2260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. E. Spencer, N. I. Syed, and K. Lukowiak Neural Changes after Operant Conditioning of the Aerial Respiratory Behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis J. Neurosci., March 1, 1999; 19(5): 1836 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Nargeot, D. A. Baxter, and J. H. Byrne Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: An In Vitro Analog of Operant Conditioning J. Neurosci., November 1, 1997; 17(21): 8093 - 8105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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