|
| |
|
|
|
|
||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 198, Issue 2 435-456, Copyright © 1995 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
A. Buschges, J. Schmitz and U. Bassler
Bath application of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine onto the deafferented stick insect thoracic nerve cord induced long-lasting rhythmic activity in leg motoneurones. Rhythmicity was induced at concentrations as low as 1x10-4 mol l-1 pilocarpine. The most stable rhythms were reliably elicited at concentrations from 2x10-3 mol l-1 to 5x10-3 mol l-1. Rhythmicity could be completely abolished by application of atropine. The rhythm in antagonistic motoneurone pools of the three proximal leg joints, the subcoxal, the coxo-trochanteral (CT) and the femoro-tibial (FT), was strictly alternating. In the subcoxal motoneurones, the rhythm was characterised by the retractor burst duration being correlated with cycle period, whereas the protractor burst duration was almost independent of it. The cycle periods of the rhythms in the subcoxal and CT motoneurone pools were in a similar range for a given preparation. In contrast, the rhythm exhibited by motoneurones supplying the FT joint often had about half the duration. The pilocarpine-induced rhythm was generated independently in each hemiganglion. There was no strict intersegmental coupling, although the protractor motoneurone pools of the three thoracic ganglia tended to be active in phase. There was no stereotyped cycle-to-cycle coupling in the activities of the motoneurone pools of the subcoxal joint, the CT joint and the FT joint in an isolated mesothoracic ganglion. However, three distinct 'spontaneous, recurrent patterns' (SRPs) of motoneuronal activity were reliably generated. Within each pattern, there was strong coupling of the activity of the motoneurone pools. The SRPs resembled the motor output during step- phase transitions in walking: for example, the most often generated SRP (SRP1) was exclusively exhibited coincident with a burst of the fast depressor trochanteris motoneurone. During this burst, there was a switch from subcoxal protractor to retractor activity after a constant latency. The activity of the FT joint extensor motoneurones was strongly decreased during SRP1. SRP1 thus qualitatively resembled the motoneuronal activity during the transition from swing to stance of the middle legs in forward walking. Hence, we refer to SRPs as 'fictive step-phase transitions'. In intact, restrained animals, application of pilocarpine also induced alternating activity in antagonistic motoneurone pools supplying the proximal leg joints. However, there were marked differences from the deafferented preparation. For example, SRP1 was not generated in the latter situation. However, if the ipsilateral main leg nerve was cut, SRP1s reliably occurred. Our results on the rhythmicity in leg motoneurone pools of deafferented preparations demonstrate central coupling in the activity of the leg motoneurones that might be incorporated into the generation of locomotion in vivo.
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. Borgmann, S. L. Hooper, and A. Buschges Sensory Feedback Induced by Front-Leg Stepping Entrains the Activity of Central Pattern Generators in Caudal Segments of the Stick Insect Walking System J. Neurosci., March 4, 2009; 29(9): 2972 - 2983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Buhl, K. Schildberger, and P. A. Stevenson A muscarinic cholinergic mechanism underlies activation of the central pattern generator for locust flight J. Exp. Biol., July 15, 2008; 211(14): 2346 - 2357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Baden and B. Hedwig Front leg movements and tibial motoneurons underlying auditory steering in the cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus deGeer) J. Exp. Biol., July 1, 2008; 211(13): 2123 - 2133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Borgmann, H. Scharstein, and A. Buschges Intersegmental Coordination: Influence of a Single Walking Leg on the Neighboring Segments in the Stick Insect Walking System J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2007; 98(3): 1685 - 1696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Mulloney and W. M. Hall Local and Intersegmental Interactions of Coordinating Neurons and Local Circuits in the Swimmeret System J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2007; 98(1): 405 - 413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Akay, B. Ch. Ludwar, M. L. Goritz, J. Schmitz, and A. Buschges Segment Specificity of Load Signal Processing Depends on Walking Direction in the Stick Insect Leg Muscle Control System J. Neurosci., March 21, 2007; 27(12): 3285 - 3294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Cruse, V. Durr, and J. Schmitz Insect walking is based on a decentralized architecture revealing a simple and robust controller Phil Trans R Soc A, January 15, 2007; 365(1850): 221 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Ch. Ludwar, S. Westmark, A. Buschges, and J. Schmidt Modulation of Membrane Potential in Mesothoracic Moto- and Interneurons During Stick Insect Front-Leg Walking J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2005; 94(4): 2772 - 2784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Buschges Sensory Control and Organization of Neural Networks Mediating Coordination of Multisegmental Organs for Locomotion J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2005; 93(3): 1127 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Ch. Ludwar, M. L. Goritz, and J. Schmidt Intersegmental Coordination of Walking Movements in Stick Insects J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2005; 93(3): 1255 - 1265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Akay, S. Haehn, J. Schmitz, and A. Buschges Signals From Load Sensors Underlie Interjoint Coordination During Stepping Movements of the Stick Insect Leg J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2004; 92(1): 42 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Mulloney During Fictive Locomotion, Graded Synaptic Currents Drive Bursts of Impulses in Swimmeret Motor Neurons J. Neurosci., July 2, 2003; 23(13): 5953 - 5962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Bucher, T. Akay, R. A. DiCaprio, and A. Buschges Interjoint Coordination in the Stick Insect Leg-Control System: The Role of Positional Signaling J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2003; 89(3): 1245 - 1255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Wenzel, N. Elsner, and R. Heinrich mAChRs in the Grasshopper Brain Mediate Excitation by Activation of the AC/PKA and the PLC Second-Messenger Pathways J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2002; 87(2): 876 - 888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Heinrich, B. Wenzel, and N. Elsner A role for muscarinic excitation: Control of specific singing behavior by activation of the adenylate cyclase pathway in the brain of grasshoppers PNAS, June 28, 2001; (2001) 151131998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Akay, U. Bassler, P. Gerharz, and A. Buschges The Role of Sensory Signals From the Insect Coxa-Trochanteral Joint in Controlling Motor Activity of the Femur-Tibia Joint J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 594 - 604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. F. Rast Nitric oxide induces centrally generated motor patterns in the locust suboesophageal ganglion J. Exp. Biol., January 11, 2001; 204(21): 3789 - 3801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Fischer, J. Schmidt, R. Haas, and A. Buschges Pattern Generation for Walking and Searching Movements of a Stick Insect Leg. I. Coordination of Motor Activity J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2001; 85(1): 341 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Schmidt, H. Fischer, and A. Buschges Pattern Generation for Walking and Searching Movements of a Stick Insect Leg. II. Control of Motoneuronal Activity J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2001; 85(1): 354 - 361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. Tryba and R. E. Ritzmann Multi-Joint Coordination During Walking and Foothold Searching in the Blaberus Cockroach. I. Kinematics and Electromyograms J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2000; 83(6): 3323 - 3336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. Tryba and R. E. Ritzmann Multi-Joint Coordination During Walking and Foothold Searching in the Blaberus Cockroach. II. Extensor Motor Neuron Pattern J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2000; 83(6): 3337 - 3350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Duysens, F. Clarac, and H. Cruse Load-Regulating Mechanisms in Gait and Posture: Comparative Aspects Physiol Rev, January 1, 2000; 80(1): 83 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Gill and P. Skorupski Antagonistic Effects of Phentolamine and Octopamine on Rhythmic Motor Output of Crayfish Thoracic Ganglia J Neurophysiol, December 1, 1999; 82(6): 3586 - 3589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Hess and A. Buschges Role of Proprioceptive Signals From an Insect Femur-Tibia Joint in Patterning Motoneuronal Activity of an Adjacent Leg Joint J Neurophysiol, April 1, 1999; 81(4): 1856 - 1865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B Wenzel and B Hedwig Neurochemical control of cricket stridulation revealed by pharmacological microinjections into the brain J. Exp. Biol., January 8, 1999; 202(16): 2203 - 2216. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Johnston, C Consoulas, H Pfl ger, and R. Levine Patterned activation of unpaired median neurons during fictive crawling in manduca sexta larvae J. Exp. Biol., January 1, 1999; 202(2): 103 - 113. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Brunn Cooperative Mechanisms Between Leg Joints of Carausius morosus I. Nonspiking Interneurons That Contribute to Interjoint Coordination J Neurophysiol, June 1, 1998; 79(6): 2964 - 2976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Brunn and A. Heuer Cooperative Mechanisms Between Leg Joints of Carausius morosus II. Motor Neuron Activity and Influence of ConditionalBursting Interneuron J Neurophysiol, June 1, 1998; 79(6): 2977 - 2985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Baudoux, C. Duch, and O. T. Morris Coupling of Efferent Neuromodulatory Neurons to Rhythmical Leg Motor Activity in the Locust J Neurophysiol, January 1, 1998; 79(1): 361 - 370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Berkowitz and G. Laurent Local Control of Leg Movements and Motor Patterns during Grooming in Locusts J. Neurosci., December 15, 1996; 16(24): 8067 - 8078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Berkowitz and G. Laurent Central Generation of Grooming Motor Patterns and Interlimb Coordination in Locusts J. Neurosci., December 15, 1996; 16(24): 8079 - 8091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Heinrich, B. Wenzel, and N. Elsner A role for muscarinic excitation: Control of specific singing behavior by activation of the adenylate cyclase pathway in the brain of grasshoppers PNAS, August 14, 2001; 98(17): 9919 - 9923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
