spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow References
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kuenzi, F. M.
Right arrow Articles by Carew, T. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kuenzi, F. M.
Right arrow Articles by Carew, T. J.

Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 195, Issue 1 35-51, Copyright © 1994 by Company of Biologists

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Head waving in Aplysia californica. I. Behavioural characterization of searching movements

FM Kuenzi and TJ Carew
Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520.

Searching is an important component of several types of goal-directed behaviour. In soft-bodied animals, searching behaviour can appear quite complex because the range of body movement is not constrained by joints, limbs or muscles with discrete areas of origin and insertion. In addition, animals exhibiting this type of behaviour utilize their maximum freedom of movement. In this paper, we describe the head-waving searching behaviour of the sea hare Aplysia californica by characterizing patterns of movements and the changes in body shape that underlie these movements. A bout of head waving consists of a series of discrete movements separated by pauses. Each discrete movement lasts 4-10s and is directed either horizontally or vertically with respect to stationary part of the animal. Large movements, such as bending from the extreme right to the extreme left, consist of a series of these shorter movements separated by pauses lasting 1-2s. In all head-waving movements, the transverse axis of the head is kept relatively parallel with the substratum. Thus, vertical movements require only bending of the body, whereas horizontal movements require twisting of the body, particularly when the posture is more erect. During head waving, the anterior two-thirds of the body is free to move, but most of the bending occurs immediately posterior to the head region. There is no periodicity of movements within a bout of head waving, although isolated instances of repeated movements are sometimes observed. Therefore, although the individual movements during head waving are relatively simple, the absence of a patterned sequence accounts for the complexity of the overall behaviour. These observations both constrain models of the neural organization of head waving and provide criteria for categorizing head-waving movements in further behavioural and physiological studies.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Learn. Mem.Home page
K K Fitzgerald, C A Takacs, and T J Carew
Nonassociative and associative modification of head-waving produced by aversive tentacular stimuli in Aplysia.
Learn. Mem., January 1, 1997; 3(5): 366 - 375.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
Y. Xin, K. R. Weiss, and I. Kupfermann
An Identified Interneuron Contributes to Aspects of Six Different Behaviors in Aplysia
J. Neurosci., August 15, 1996; 16(16): 5266 - 5279.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


© The Company of Biologists Ltd 1994