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Journal of Experimental Biology 147,147-168 (1989)
Published by Company of Biologists 1989

Adaptational Responses of Rainbow Trout to Lowered External Nacl Concentration: Contribution of the Branchial Chloride Cell

STEVE F. PERRY ¹ and PIERRE LAURENT ²

¹ University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, 30 Somerset St E, Ottawa, Ontario KIN 6N5, Canada
² CNRS, Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionelle et Ultrastructurale des Adaptations, 23 Rue du Loess, BP 20 CR, F-67037 Strasbourg, France

1. Whole-body ionic fluxes and gill chloride cell (CC) morphology were monitored in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed acutely or chronically to natural fresh water (NFW; [Na⁺]=0.120 mmoll^-1; [Cr]=0.164 mmoll^-1) or artificially prepared fresh water with reduced [NaCl] (AFW; [Na+]=0.017 mmoll^-1; [CT]=0.014 mmoll^-1).

2. Net fluxes of Na⁺ (J_net^Na) and Cl^- (J_net^Cl) became extremely negative (indicating net NaCl loss to the environment) upon immediate exposure to AFW exclusively as a result of reduced NaCl influx (J_in^Na and J_in^Na). J_net^Na and J_net^Cl were gradually restored to control rates during prolonged (30 days) exposure to AFW.

3. The restoration of J_net^Cl in AFW was due both to increased J_in^Cl and to reduced Cl^- efflux (J_out^Cl) whereas the primary response contributing to the restoration of J_net^Na a t was an increase of J^Na_in.

4. The total apical surface area of branchial CCs exposed to the external environment increased markedly after 24 h in AFW and remained elevated for 1 month as a consequence of enlargement of individual CCs and, to a lesser extent, increased CC density. J_in^Na and J_in^Na were correlated significantly with total CC apical surface area.

5. Plasma cortisol levels rose transiently in fish exposed to AFW. Treatment of NFW-adapted fish with cortisol for 10 days (a protocol known to cause CC proliferation) caused pronounced increases in J_in^Cl and J_in^Na, as measured in both NFW and AFW.

6. These results suggest that an important adaptational response of rainbow trout to low environmental [NaCl] is cortisol-mediated enlargement of branchial epithelial CCs which, in turn, enhances the NaCl-transporting capacity of the gill as a result of the proliferation of Na⁺ and Cl^- transport sites.

Key words: Salmo gairdneri, ionic regulation, gills, chloride cells, cortisol, NaCl

Accepted on July 4, 1989

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