|
| |
|
|
|
|
||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 115, Issue 1 253-262, Copyright © 1985 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
CR Taylor
This paper develops three simple ideas about force development during sustained locomotion which provide some insights into the mechanisms that determine why animals change gait, how fast they can run, and how much metabolic energy they consume. The first idea is that the alternate stretch-shorten pattern of activity of the muscles involved in locomotion allows muscle-tendon units to function as springs, affecting the amount of force a given cross-sectional area of muscle develops, and the metabolic requirements of the muscles for force development. Animals select speeds and stride frequencies which optimize the performance of these springs. The second idea is that muscle stress (force/cross-sectional area) determines when animals change gait, how fast they run and their peak accelerations and decelerations. It is proposed that terrestrial birds and mammals develop similar muscle stresses under equivalent conditions (i.e. preferred speed within a gait) and that animals change gaits in order to reduce peak stresses as they increase speed. Finally, evidence is presented to support the idea that it is the time course of force development during locomotion, rather than the mechanical work that the muscles perform, that determines the metabolic cost of locomotion.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. P. Kabat, R. A. Phillips, J. P. Croxall, and P. J. Butler Differences in metabolic costs of terrestrial mobility in two closely related species of albatross J. Exp. Biol., August 15, 2007; 210(16): 2851 - 2858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Iriarte-Diaz, F. Bozinovic, and R. A. Vasquez What explains the trot-gallop transition in small mammals? J. Exp. Biol., October 15, 2006; 209(20): 4061 - 4066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Marsh, D. J. Ellerby, H. T. Henry, and J. Rubenson The energetic costs of trunk and distal-limb loading during walking and running in guinea fowl Numida meleagris: I. Organismal metabolism and biomechanics J. Exp. Biol., June 1, 2006; 209(11): 2050 - 2063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Robilliard and A. M. Wilson Prediction of kinetics and kinematics of running animals using an analytical approximation to the planar spring-mass system J. Exp. Biol., December 1, 2005; 208(23): 4377 - 4389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Roberts and R. A. Belliveau Sources of mechanical power for uphill running in humans J. Exp. Biol., May 15, 2005; 208(10): 1963 - 1970. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Lipp, H. Wolf, and F.-O. Lehmann Walking on inclines: energetics of locomotion in the ant Camponotus J. Exp. Biol., February 15, 2005; 208(4): 707 - 719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Biewener, C. T. Farley, T. J. Roberts, and M. Temaner Muscle mechanical advantage of human walking and running: implications for energy cost J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2004; 97(6): 2266 - 2274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Gabaldon, F. E. Nelson, and T. J. Roberts Mechanical function of two ankle extensors in wild turkeys: shifts from energy production to energy absorption during incline versus decline running J. Exp. Biol., June 1, 2004; 207(13): 2277 - 2288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Wickler, D. F. Hoyt, E. A. Cogger, and G. Myers The energetics of the trot-gallop transition J. Exp. Biol., May 1, 2003; 206(9): 1557 - 1564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. L. Hedrick, B. W. Tobalske, and A. A. Biewener How cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) modulate pectoralis power output across flight speeds J. Exp. Biol., April 15, 2003; 206(8): 1363 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Iriarte-Diaz Differential scaling of locomotor performance in small and large terrestrial mammals J. Exp. Biol., September 15, 2002; 205(18): 2897 - 2908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Lindstedt, T. E. Reich, P. Keim, and P. C. LaStayo Do muscles function as adaptable locomotor springs? J. Exp. Biol., August 1, 2002; 205(15): 2211 - 2216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Lindstedt, P. C. LaStayo, and T. E. Reich When Active Muscles Lengthen: Properties and Consequences of Eccentric Contractions Physiology, December 1, 2001; 16(6): 256 - 261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. A. Miller, L. A. Lesniewski, J. M. Muller-Delp, A. K. Majors, D. Scalise, and M. D. Delp Hindlimb unloading induces a collagen isoform shift in the soleus muscle of the rat Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2001; 281(5): R1710 - R1717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. I. Buchanan and R. L. Marsh Effects of long-term exercise on the biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon of guinea fowl J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2001; 90(1): 164 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. E. Reich, S. L. Lindstedt, P. C. LaStayo, and D. J. Pierotti Is the spring quality of muscle plastic? Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2000; 278(6): R1661 - R1666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Suter and H Wildman Locomotion on the water surface: hydrodynamic constraints on rowing velocity require a gait change J. Exp. Biol., January 10, 1999; 202(20): 2771 - 2785. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Fish and R. Baudinette Energetics of locomotion by the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster): a comparison of swimming and running in a semi-aquatic mammal J. Exp. Biol., January 2, 1999; 202(4): 353 - 363. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Bellizzi, K. A. D. King, S. K. Cushman, and P. G. Weyand Does the application of ground force set the energetic cost of cross-country skiing? J Appl Physiol, November 1, 1998; 85(5): 1736 - 1743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. S. B. Potard, D. E. Leith, and M. R. Fedde Force, speed, and oxygen consumption in Thoroughbred and draft horses J Appl Physiol, June 1, 1998; 84(6): 2052 - 2059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Biewener Biomechanics of mammalian terrestrial locomotion Science, November 23, 1990; 250(4984): 1097 - 1103. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Biewener Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics Science, July 7, 1989; 245(4913): 45 - 48. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
