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Osmoregulation by the Prenatal Spiny Dogfish, Squalus Acanthias
1 Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA 33124 Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory Salsbury Cove, ME USA 02672
Late in gestation of the ovoviviparous dogfish, Squalus acanthias, the uterine fluids are essentially sea water, while the plasma of the ‘pup’ is similar to that of the female, i.e. isotonic to sea water/uterine fluids, with significantly less Na and Cl, and substantial concentrations of urea.
Early ‘candle’ embryos are bathed in ‘candle’ fluid and uterine fluid which contains Na and Cl concentrations intermediate between maternal plasma and sea water levels, K concentrations above sea water levels, and urea concentrations slightly below those found in the maternal plasma. Both fluids are isotonic to sea water and maternal plasma.
Incubation of ‘candles’ with associated embryos in sea water for 4–6 days resulted in significant increases in ‘candle’ fluid Na and Cl concentrations, and a decline in ‘candle’ fluid K and urea levels. However, under these conditions, the ‘candle’ embryo is still able to regulate plasma Na, Cl, K and urea concentrations.
The efflux of Cl is approximately 5 times the efflux of Na from the prenatal ‘pup’; however, both effluxes are equivalent to those described for adult elasmobranchs.
The transepithelial electrical potential (TEP) across the ‘pup’ is –4.4 mV in sea water, which indicates that both Na and Cl are maintained out of electrochemical equilibrium.
Cloacal fluid flows vary diurnally with Na and Cl concentrations significantly above those of the plasma. Rectal gland efflux can account for 50–100% of the Na efflux, but less than 25% of the Cl efflux.
Removal of the rectal gland resulted in an increase in plasma Na and Cl concentrations 48 or 72 h after the operation, but in both cases it appears that some extra rectal gland excretory system balances at least some of the net influx of both salts.
Our results demonstrate that even very young ‘candle’ embryos of S. acanthias are capable of osmoregulation, and that older embryos (‘pups’) osmoregulate against sea water intra-utero and display the major hallmarks of elasmobranch osmoregulation, including a reduced ionic permeability and a functional rectal gland for net extrusion of NaCl. In addition, it appears that other pathways exist for salt extrusion in addition to the rectal gland.
Note:
Present Addresses: DHE, Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA 32611; AO, Department of Zoology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; GAK, Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA; LM, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, PA.
Submitted on May 6, 1982
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