|
| ![]() |
|
||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | ||||
Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 100, Issue 1 159-174, Copyright © 1982 by Company of Biologists
JOURNAL ARTICLES |
SM Hilton
It was proposed some fifty years ago that the visceral and hormonal changes accompanying fear and rage reactions can best be understood as adaptations which prepare an organism to cope with an emergency and specifically to perform the extreme muscular exertion of flight or attack. This is well exemplified by the pattern of cardiovascular response which is characteristic of the alerting stage of these reactions and consists of an increase in cardiac output directed mainly to the skeletal muscles. This group of behavioural responses has been collectively termed the defence reaction. The regions of the hypothalamus and brainstem which organize it have been mapped. They function as a reflex centre for the visceral components of the altering response as well as initiating the behavioural response. So far as the cardiovascular system is concerned, this is a preparatory reflex and not compatible with short-term homeostasis. Indeed, the baroreceptor reflex, which is homeostatic, is strongly inhibited. By contrast, the chemoreceptor reflex is facilitated. The input from peripheral chemoreceptors is itself an alerting stimulus. The visceral alerting response has been studied in most detail in the cat, but there is evidence for the same cardiovascular pattern and an accompanying group of respiratory changes in other mammalian species (rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and man). On the efferent pathway for the cardiovascular response pattern, there is a group of relay neurones near the ventral surface of the caudal medulla, which seem important for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure. The visceral alerting system may therefore be continually engaged to some extent in the awake state, as well as being acutely activated in response to novel, and especially to noxious, stimuli.
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
J. Horiuchi, L. M. McDowall, and R. A. L. Dampney Vasomotor and respiratory responses evoked from the dorsolateral periaqueductal grey are mediated by the dorsomedial hypothalamus J. Physiol., November 1, 2009; 587(21): 5149 - 5162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. H. Coote Landmarks in understanding the central nervous control of the cardiovascular system Exp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 92(1): 3 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Sevoz-Couche, M. A. Comet, J. F. Bernard, M. Hamon, and R. Laguzzi Cardiac baroreflex facilitation evoked by hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex stimulation: role of the nucleus tractus solitarius 5-HT2A receptors Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): R1007 - R1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. M. McDowall, J. Horiuchi, S. Killinger, and R. A. L. Dampney Modulation of the baroreceptor reflex by the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and perifornical area Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): R1020 - R1026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. A. Kerman, H. Akil, and S. J. Watson Rostral elements of sympatho-motor circuitry: a virally mediated transsynaptic tracing study. J. Neurosci., March 29, 2006; 26(13): 3423 - 3433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. Zhang, L. F. Hayward, and P. W. Davenport Respiratory muscle responses elicited by dorsal periaqueductal gray stimulation in rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): R1338 - R1347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. Van Diest, S. De Peuter, S. Devriese, E. Wellens, K. P. Van de Woestijne, and O. Van den Bergh Imagined Risk of Suffocation as a Trigger for Hyperventilation Psychosom Med, September 1, 2005; 67(5): 813 - 819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. M. O'Driscoll, K. Kostikas, A. K. Simonds, and M. J. Morrell Occlusion of the upper airway does not augment the cardiovascular response to arousal from sleep in humans J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2005; 98(4): 1349 - 1355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. C. Schadt and E. M. Hasser Hemodynamic effects of blood loss during a passive response to a stressor in the conscious rabbit Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): R373 - R380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Ehmke and A. Just The orexins: linking circulatory control with behavior Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2003; 285(3): R519 - R521. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. E Pickering, P. Boscan, and J. F R Paton Nociception attenuates parasympathetic but not sympathetic baroreflex via NK1 receptors in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii J. Physiol., September 1, 2003; 551(2): 589 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Durand, S. Dauger, G. Vardon, P. Gressens, C. Gaultier, S. de Schonen, and J. Gallego Plasticity in Respiratory Motor Control: Selected Contribution: Classical conditioning of breathing pattern after two acquisition trials in 2-day-old mice J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2003; 94(2): 812 - 818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. Hafstrom, J. Milerad, and H. W. Sundell Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Blunts the Cardiorespiratory Response to Hypoxia in Lambs Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 15, 2002; 166(12): 1544 - 1549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Segar, D. L. Ellsbury, and O. M. Smith Inhibition of sympathetic responses at birth in sheep by lesion of the paraventricular nucleus Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): R1395 - R1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. D. Plowey, J. M. Kramer, J. A. Beatty, and T. G. Waldrop In vivo electrophysiological responses of pedunculopontine neurons to static muscle contraction Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): R1008 - R1019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Donadio, T. Karlsson, M. Elam, and B G. Wallin Interindividual differences in sympathetic and effector responses to arousal in humans J. Physiol., October 1, 2002; 544(1): 293 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. D. Larsen, S. Zhong, G. L. Gebber, and S. M. Barman Sympathetic nerve and cardiovascular responses to chemical activation of the midbrain defense region Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2001; 280(6): R1704 - R1712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. C. Schadt and E. M. Hasser Defense reaction alters the response to blood loss in the conscious rabbit Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2001; 280(4): R985 - R993. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. M. Barman and G. L. Gebber "Rapid" Rhythmic Discharges of Sympathetic Nerves: Sources, Mechanisms of Generation, and Physiological Relevance J Biol Rhythms, October 1, 2000; 15(5): 365 - 379. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Just, C. Schneider, H. Ehmke, and H. R Kirchheim Large vasodilatations in skeletal muscle of resting conscious dogs and their contribution to blood pressure variability J. Physiol., September 15, 2000; 527(3): 611 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. D. Larsen, S. Zhong, G. L. Gebber, and S. M. Barman Differential pattern of spinal sympathetic outflow in response to stimulation of the caudal medullary raphe Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2000; 279(1): R210 - R221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. L. Gebber, S. Zhong, C. Lewis, and S. M. Barman Defenselike patterns of spinal sympathetic outflow involving the 10-Hz and cardiac-related rhythms Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2000; 278(6): R1616 - R1626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Krauchi, C. Cajochen, E. Werth, and A. Wirz-Justice Functional link between distal vasodilation and sleep-onset latency? Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2000; 278(3): R741 - R748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. A. Kerman and B. J. Yates Patterning of somatosympathetic reflexes Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 1999; 277(3): R716 - R724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. L. Gebber, S. Zhong, C. Lewis, and S. M. Barman Differential Patterns of Spinal Sympathetic Outflow Involving a 10-Hz Rhythm J Neurophysiol, August 1, 1999; 82(2): 841 - 854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Z. Li, K. F. Morris, D. M. Baekey, R. Shannon, and B. G. Lindsey Responses of Simultaneously Recorded Respiratory-Related Medullary Neurons to Stimulation of Multiple Sensory Modalities J Neurophysiol, July 1, 1999; 82(1): 176 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Roach, E. Thakore, and R. S. Sheldon Large-magnitude, transient, bradycardic events in rabbits Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 1999; 277(1): R243 - R249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. C. Schadt and E. M. Hasser Hemodynamic effects of acute stressors in the conscious rabbit Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 1998; 274(3): R814 - R821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. R. Middlekauff, A. H. Nguyen, C. E. Negrao, E. U. Nitzsche, C. K. Hoh, B. A. Natterson, M. A. Hamilton, G. C. Fonarow, A. Hage, and J. D. Moriguchi Impact of Acute Mental Stress on Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Regional Blood Flow in Advanced Heart Failure : Implications for `Triggering' Adverse Cardiac Events Circulation, September 16, 1997; 96(6): 1835 - 1842. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||