Fig. 1. Cladogram representing phylogenetic relationships between major groups of actinopterygian (ray-finned) fishes. Diagrams of gar (Lepisosteus) and bowfin (Amia) skeletons are modified from Lauder (Lauder, 1989), with color outlines of intrinsic caudal muscles added. The color coding of the muscles is the same used for the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis) in Flammang and Lauder (Flammang and Lauder, 2008) and in Figs 5, 6, 7 here. The intrinsic caudal muscles represented are the flexor dorsalis (FD, green), flexor ventralis (FV, blue), hypochordal longitudinalis (HL, purple), infracarinalis (IC, gray), interradialis (IR, red) and supracarinalis (SC, yellow). Note that Lepisosteus lacks all intrinsic caudal musculature except for a broad FV, and Amia lacks the FD, IC and all ventral IR muscles.