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Figure 6


Fig. 6. The Q- and W-contours at different spanwise locations at three typical stroke phases. Positive Q-contours denote the vortex cores, while negative Q-contours denote the strain-dominating regions. The Q-values are normalized by the maximum in each stroke phase. Positive W indicates the spanwise flow heading towards the wing-tip, while negative W indicates the opposite direction. The values of W are normalized by the mean wing-tip speed.