Fig. 5. Effect of wing removal on the thoracic vibrations during flight (A–C), and during annoyance buzzing (D–F) of 12 sling-tethered bees. (A,D) Main frequency; (B,E) velocity amplitude; (C,F) displacement amplitude; WW, intact bees; WO, OO, bees after removal of one or both wing-pairs. Asterisks indicate significant differences between the indicated treatments (Dunn's test for pairwise comparison: P<0.05). See text for statistics. Box plots indicate inter-quartile range (box), the median value (horizontal line), 95% range (whiskers) and outliers of all data.