Fig. 10. Distributions of kinematic variables under different wing-raising
conditions: voluntary take-off (Vol., N=16), escape take-offs with
both wings raised before leg-extension (**Esc., N=5),
escape take-offs with only one wing fully raised or wings only partially
raised before leg-extension (*Esc., N=5), remaining escape
take-offs in which wings move only minimally before leg-extension (Esc.,
N=17), and escape take-offs by flies with wings removed (Clip,
N=8). Box plots are of values averaged over the first 2 ms of flight
for (A) center of mass (COM) speed, (B) angular speed, (C) rotational kinetic
energy, calculated from the angular speed and assuming the fly to be an
ellipsoid body, and (D) the sum of potential (PE) and kinetic energy
(KE). Kinetic energy is the sum of rotational kinetic energy (C) and
translational kinetic energy (see text for derivation). Statistically
significant differences were determined using Mann–Whitney pairwise
comparisons with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Comparisons
for which P
0.05 are marked by different lower case letters.