Fig. 13. Effect of bank angle and heading on the estimation of the expected centripetal acceleration due to the banked orientation of the body. (A) Posterior view of a bat performing a right turn. The net aerodynamic force (green vector) was estimated based on the bank angle (), the total vertical acceleration produced by the bat (A_CoM,z), and assuming that the net aerodynamic force is produced perpendicular to the bank angle. (B) Superior view of a bat performing a right turn. Because the heading orientation of the body (blue line) does not necessarily match the direction of flight (orange vector), the centripetal acceleration due to the bank (A_c,bank) must be corrected by the difference between heading and bearing angle (–). (C) Observed (A_c,total, red trace) and the estimated centripetal acceleration from bank (A_c,bank, blue trace) throughout a standardized wingstroke. Gray trace corresponds to the difference A_c,total–A_c,bank. The width of the traces represents the means ± 95% CI (confidence interval) (N=32) and the shaded bar corresponds to the downstroke period.