Fig. 5. Histograms of distributions of von Mises stress values within the frontal bone, exclusive of the surface of the endocranial cavity, for models under the double-horn loading (A–E) and the frontal loading (F–J) conditions. The vertical axis indicates the number of nodes with that value (all models normalized to 100,000 nodal values). For some parts (C,F,H), the peak has been truncated in order to conserve space. Model geometries illustrated include the unvaulted frontal (A,F), vaulted cortical bone-filled frontal (B,G), vaulted trabecular bone-filled frontal (C,H), vaulted frontal with unstrutted sinus (D,I) and vaulted frontal with strutted sinus (E,J).