Fig. 4. View of the internal surface of the rostral region of the endocranial cavity, between the cribriform plate of the ethmoid (at the top of the images) and the frontoparietal sutures (at the bottom of the images), showing patterns of principal strains under the double-horn (A–E,K–O) and frontal (F–J,P–T) loading conditions. The top two rows (A–J) show maximum principal strain; the bottom two rows show minimum principal strain (K–T). From the left, the model geometries illustrated are unvaulted frontal (A,F,K,P), cortical bone-filled vaulted frontal (B,G,L,Q), trabecular bone-filled vaulted frontal (C,H,M,R), vaulted frontal with unstrutted sinus (D,I,N,S) and vaulted frontal with strutted sinus (E,J,O,T). The scale bar indicates principal strain magnitudes in microstrain (µ).