Fig. 3. Behavioral response of wild Dutch snails after a single 0.5 h training session (TS). Wild Dutch snails do not demonstrate LTM when tested 24 h after operant conditioning (left light-gray bars, 24 h TM, N=22, P=0.60). Yoked controls do not demonstrate altered behavior after conditioning (right faded-black bar, 24 h yoked, N=16, P=0.57). Results are shown as means + s.e.m.