Fig. 1. Marker placements on a representative African elephant. (A) Subject G (Table 1) in oblique right lateral view showing all skin markers (back markers shown are not used in this study). (B) Relationship of markers with underlying skeleton. (C) Definitions of segment and joint angles [picture modified from Shoshani (Shoshani, 1992)]. Palpated anatomical positions of markers (Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1993; Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1994): lateral side of greater tubercle of humerus, lateral epicondyle of humerus, styloid process of ulna, toenail of manus digit 3, caudal side of accessory carpal, greater trochanter of femur (just caudal to tuber coxae of ilium), lateral epicondyle of femur (just caudal and proximal to patella), lateral malleolus of fibula, middle of toenail of pes digit 3, caudal side of calcaneal tuber. We only used the calcaneus and carpal markers to identify touch-down/lift-off events (see Materials and Methods). The segmental angles were calculated relative to a vertical line through the proximal marker of each segment; only shown precisely for the upper arm and thigh segments.