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Figure 8


Fig. 8. Aerial respiratory behaviour and LTM formation in CPW. (A) Total breathing time (TBT) was unaffected by placing snails in crowded pond water (CPW) for 24h. TBT was first calculated for a cohort of naïve snails (Pre-obs; N=20). The snails were then placed in CPW for 24h after which TBT was then calculated (Post-obs). A paired t-test was performed on these data. There is no difference in TBT between the Pre-obs and the Post-obs sessions (t=0.4442; P>0.05). (B) A 1h exposure to CPW (OC in figure) immediately before the memory augmentation procedure does not block LTM formation. The data were subjected to a repeated-measures ANOVA (F18,3=7.299; P<0.01) followed by a Tukey–Kramer comparison test. The operantly conditioned snails (N=10) exhibit LTM (MT is significantly less than TS; *P<0.01) while yoked control snails (N=10) do not exhibit LTM (Yoked is not significantly different from TS; P>0.05). Additionally, the operantly conditioned snails behaved as naïve snails to the change-of-context challenge (CT is not significantly different from TS; P>0.05). (C) A 1h exposure to CPW immediately after operant conditioning training (memory augmentation procedure) does not block LTM formation. A naïve cohort of 20 snails (N=20; 10 operantly conditioned and 10 yoked controls) received their respective training procedures and was then immediately placed into CPW for 1h. Following the 1h exposure to CPW, snails were moved to an uncrowded aquarium for 23h. The data were subjected to a repeated-measures ANOVA (F19,3=5.384; P<0.01) followed by a Tukey–Kramer comparison test. When tested for LTM (MT), snails that received operant conditioning training exhibited LTM. That is, MT is significantly less than TS (*P<0.05). Yoked control snails do not exhibit LTM (i.e. Yoked is not significantly different from TS; P>0.05). The operantly conditioned snails were also challenged with a change-of-context test (CT) 2h after TS. In CT, snails behaved as naïve snails. That is, CT is not significantly different from TS (P>0.05). Values are means ± s.e.m.