Fig. 3. Long-term (LTM) and intermediate-term (ITM) memory formation following the memory augmentation procedure. (A) A group of naïve snails (N=20) received the KCl bath immediately before a 30-min TS in hypoxic pond water. We tested for memory 24h later (MT). Each time the snail attempted to open its pneumostome it received a tactile stimulus to the pneumostome. These snails were then challenged (2h later) to a change-of-context (carrot context) session (CT). The data were subjected to a repeated-measures ANOVA (F_19,2=22.183; P<0.01) followed by a Tukey–Kramer comparison test. The number of attempted openings in MT is significantly less than in TS (^*P<0.01). The number of attempted openings in CT is not significantly different from in TS (P>0.05) but is significantly greater than MT (P<0.01). (B) As in A, except memory was tested 2h after TS. MT is significantly less than TS, showing that ITM had formed (^*P<0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the response when the context was changed (CT) and TS (P>0.05). The analysis in B was obtained using a Friedman's Test followed by a Dunn's Multiple Comparison test. Values are means ± s.e.m.