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Figure 4


Fig. 4. The effect of integration time on FTLE (finite-time Lyapunov exponent) and LCS (Lagrangian Coherent Structure) calculation for a vortex ring. (A) integration time T=0.4 s; (B) T=1.2 s; (C) T=2.0 s; (D) T=2.8 s. With longer integration time, the FTLE ridges become sharper, i.e. LCS resolve into clearly defined thin lines.