Fig. 1. Electromyograms of flight motor activity induced by (A) wind stimulation (wind, 6 m s^–1) compared to motor activity evoked by bath applied cholinergic agonists (perf, B–F) in deafferented locust preparations. The top traces of each panel show continual sequences as recorded from the right hindwing depressor muscle (D_h-r) and the lower traces show details of the pattern as recorded from the right hindwing elevator (E_h-r) and depressor (D_h-r) and the depressor left fore- (D_f-l) and hindwing homologous (D_h-l) muscles. (B) The muscarinic agonist pilocarpine (5 mmol l^–1) initiates flight motor activity interrupted by pauses. (C) Acetylcholine (100 mmol l^–1) induces continuous rhythmic motor activity with occasional interspersed sequences that resemble flight. (D) Eserine (1 mmol l^–1) induces a short flight sequence. (E) The cholinergic agonist carbachol (5 mmol l^–1) induces flight motor activity at exceptionally high frequency. (F) Nicotine (1 mmol l^–1) induces a short burst of uncoordinated motor activity only. Scale bar, 10 s upper traces, 100 ms lower traces.