Fig. 9. A phylogenetic analysis was generated for members of the CA family in Homo sapiens (black), Drosophila melanogaster (red), Aedes aegypti (blue) and Anopheles gambiae (green) genomes. Alignments were created using ClustalW and trimmed and visualized using Genedoc. Phylogeny was prepared using MrBayes, with the JTT amino acid substitution model and 1.5 million iterations. Trees were visualized using Treeview. The tree suggests that amplification of insect CAs most likely took place after the divergence of deuterostomes and protostomes as the insect CAs overwhelmingly clustered together. CA-RPs are conserved between protostomes and deuterostomes and are likely to be ancient proteins. Interestingly, AgCA9 (asterisk) and its Drosophila and Aedes homologues were the sole insect CA that clusters with human CAs, indicating that it most closely resembles the primal CA from which other CAs branched.