Fig. 8. Modes of sideways toppling failure. (A) Toppling by pivoting over a static contact point. (B) Toppling by slipping on the perch surface. The maximum angular deviations from vertical before toppling and the stable regions on the perches are green. For both toppling failures, the red image indicates the rotational movement about the axis indicated by +. (C) The angle, , relative to vertical at which pivot toppling (A) occurs as a function of animal shape (h L^–1), where h and L are the height and lateral distance, respectively, from the center of mass to the pivot point when the animal is upright on a horizontal surface.