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Figure 3


Fig. 3. Geometric model of the anterior division of the adductor mandibula of the ratfish. The model can be easily adjusted to represent the twisted and untwisted conditions by changing the insertion points of the anterior and posterior faces (see Appendix). We examined the effect of gape angle on strain, in both twisted and untwisted conditions, by calculating the lengths of the anterior and posterior muscle faces at gape angles from 0–40°.