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Figure 9


Fig. 9. Variation in angle of attack ({alpha}) within wingbeats in rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus, N=5) flying at velocities of 0-12 m s-1. Wingbeat duration is expressed as a percentage of the entire wingbeat. The broken line indicates wrist elevation relative to mid-frontal plane of body, and the shaded area indicates downstroke. Values are means ± s.d.