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Figure 8


Fig. 8. Kinematic variables derived using free-stream velocity (V) and induced velocity (Vi) for rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus, N=5) flying at velocities of 0-12 m s-1. (A) Global stroke-plane area for downstroke and upstroke. (B) Global stroke-plane angle for downstroke ({Psi}d) and upstroke ({Psi}u). (C) Angle of attack of the wing ({alpha}) at mid-downstroke and mid-upstroke.