Fig. 7. Dorsal and lateral views of wingtip and wrist paths with translation due to free-stream velocity (V) and time. These data are from a rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) flying at velocities of 0-12 m s^-1 (same subject as in Fig. 2). All x-axes represent 500 mm along a flight path. Solid line=wingtip, dotted line=wrist. Shaded regions indicate downstroke as defined using wrist motion. For each downstroke, wingtip excursion exceeded wrist excursion in all dimensions, so the shaded regions would be enlarged if downstroke were based on motion of the wingtip.