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Figure 3


Fig. 3. Angles describing bird-centered wing and body kinematics in rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus, N=5) flying at velocities 0-12 m s-1. (A) Body angle relative to horizontal (ß), tracking stroke-plane angle relative to horizontal ({gamma}h) and anatomical stroke-plane angle relative to mid-frontal plane of body ({gamma}b). (B) Chord angle of wing relative to mid-frontal plane of body ({alpha}c) at mid-downstroke and mid-upstroke. Values are means ± s.d.