Fig. 9. (A) Stress–strain curves of a red macroalga, Mazzaella flaccida (Setchell & Gardner) Fredericq, for two cycles of stretching (Hale, 2001) showing a sizeable loading–unloading loop on the first cycle, followed by a much smaller loop on the second cycle. A small amount of residual strain remains after the first cycle. (B) Stress–strain curves, adapted from Dorfmann and Ogden (Dorfmann and Ogden, 2004), of a rubber compound for several cycles of stretching, showing similar stress–strain behavior, plus some reduction in maximum stress levels with cycling (stress softening). Curves are shown for maximum strains of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. Plot, copyright 2003, is reprinted with permission from Elsevier.