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Figure 1


Fig. 1. (A) Schematic representation of bullfrog brainstem showing the Raphé stimulation site. (B–D) Integrated (top trace) and raw (bottom trace) trigeminal neurograms from a pre-metamorphic tadpole, (B) under baseline condition, (C) during and after electrical stimulation of the medullary Raphé with drug-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) and (D) in the presence of methiothepin in aCSF (50 µmol l–1). (E) The changes in respiratory-related motor output after a 20-min `wash out' period with drug-free aCSF.