Fig. 9. Electromyogram correlates to different components of the estimated aerodynamic torque and the predicted change in roll due to inertial reorientation. Normalized EMG measures were normalized by dividing by the standard deviation of the measurement for the individual muscle. (A) Pectoralis activation intensity versus C_r, the aerodynamic force coefficient. (B) Biceps activation duration versus wing spanwise rotation at mid-downstroke. (C) Supracoracoideus activation duration versus the estimated inertial change in roll in late upstroke. (D) Biceps impulse versus the estimated inertial change in roll in early downstroke.