Fig. 3. In vivo and in vitro cell attachment and encapsulation experiments. Times were recorded for the time taken for onset (light grey) and completion (dark grey) of cell attachment/encapsulation. The rate of encapsulation (both onset and completion) was significantly different between (but not within) targets of different surface charges (P<0.001). (A) In vivo response. (B) In vitro response, in which times were not recorded for completion of cell attachment/encapsulation of neutral targets (N) as no further progression of encapsulation was observed after initial attachment of individual haemocytes. DEAE, DEAE Sepharose; QAE, QAE Sephadex; Nylon, Nylon thread; CM, CM Sepharose; Seph, Sepharose; Toyo, Toyopearl; +, positive; –, negative; N, neutral; 1, haemocytes in the presence of plasma; 2, haemocytes in the absence of plasma; x, no encapsulation. N=10 for each target. Samples with different symbols are significantly different.