Fig. 3. Operantly conditioned semi-intact preparations demonstrated learning and long-term memory, but yoked and naïve preparations did not. The number of openings (and total breathing time for controls) were assessed during each session. (A) Conditioned preparations showed a significant reduction in attempted pneumostome openings when comparing session 1 to 4 (learning; t=3.583, P<0.01) and session 1 to the memory test (LTM; t=3.539, P<0.01). In addition, there was also a significant reduction in attempted pneumostome openings in the conditioned group between session 1 and 2 (t=3.280, P<0.01). ^**P<0.01. (B) A two-way RM-ANOVA demonstrated that the number of pneumostome openings in yoked (grey bars) and naïve preparations (white bars) remained unchanged across the training sessions and in the memory test 18 h later (P>0.05 for treatment, sessions and interaction effects). There was no significant difference in number of openings in Session 1 across all three groups (P>0.05). (C) Although the total breathing time of yoked preparations was lower than that of the naïve preparations (F_(1,18)=5.879, P<0.05) there was no significant decline in the total breathing time within each treatment group when comparing session 1 to 4 (yoked: t=0.0303, P>0.05; naïve: t=1.115, P>0.05) and session 1 to the memory test (yoked: t =0.401, P>0.05; naïve: t=0.7139, P>0.05).