Fig. 3. Low-frequency acoustic signals of a predator, the bottlenose dolphin, rapidly suppress advertisement calling in a prey species, male Gulf toadfish. Relative to pre-treatment calling behavior (Pre), acoustic playback of dolphin whistles and pops (N=9) or dolphin pops alone (N=4) caused significant suppression of toadfish calling behavior both during (During) and immediately after (Post) 5 min of loop-mode playback. Similar treatment with dolphin whistles alone (N=5) or snapping shrimp pops (N=7) produced no significant changes in toadfish calling. Bars indicate mean ± s.e.m.; ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.001.