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Figure 3


Fig. 3. The net energy gain (W) for flapping (Rflap; A,B) and soaring (Rsoar; C,D) and the difference between Rsoar and Rflap (E,F) considering different combinations of air speed (Va m s-1) and ground speed (Vg m s-1) for black-headed gulls (A,C,E) and lesser black-backed gulls (B,D,F). Parameter estimates for calculating R are as follows: En=20 W, D=10000 m, tp=1800 s.