Fig. 3. The amplitude of the roll-induced static vestibuloocular reflex (rVOR) in Xenopus laevis tadpoles with lordotic tail. Observations after the 9.2-day SMM-06 Shuttle-to-Mir mission 06 (STS-84, 1997). At the onset of the mission, embryos had reached the developmental stages 25-28. For the recordings after landing, tadpoles were grouped according to the development of tail lordosis (L, filled circles) or normally developed tails (N, open circles). rVOR amplitude = maximal angular roll of the eyes during a 360° lateral body roll. MM, tadpoles that were exposed to microgravity throughout the 9.2-day mission; CM, tadpoles exposed to in-flight 1g-simulation for the first 4 days (93 h) and thereafter to microgravity until the end of the mission; MC, tadpoles exposed to microgravity for the first 4 days (93 h) and thereafter to in-flight 1g-simulation until deactivation of the centrifuge, 12 h before the end of the mission; CC, tadpoles exposed to microgravity throughout the 9-day mission except the time between launch and activation of the centrifuge and after deactivation of the 1g-centrifuge; GG, tadpoles from the 1g-ground control. Observation periods are defined below the lowest plot; pF, days after fertilization; post-LD, days after landing of the spacecraft. Each filled and open circle represents an individual animal. Numbers at the bottom of each plot give the numbers of tadpoles; levels of statistical significances in bold italic letters indicate differences between normal and lordotic animals of the respective observation period; NS, not significant. Numbers above brackets indicate differences between samples of the two observation periods.