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Fig. 5. Predicted effects of air temperature (TAIR) at equal artificial sky temperature (TASK; A, 25°C; B, 15°C) on the temperature differences influencing dry heat loss from three corresponding plumage surfaces in a pigeon (present study) and a starling (calculated from table 3 in Ward et al., 1999), all under a 10 m s-1 wind. The surface temperatures are TPIW for the insulation plumage of the wing (dorsal brachials), TPIB for the insulation plumage of the back and TPFW for the flight plumage of the wing (dorsal secondaries).