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Fig. 2. (A) Limb EMA defined as the ratio of extensor muscle moment arm (r) versus ground force moment arm (R), which over the period of limb support equals the ratio of ground force (G) impulse versus muscle force (Fm) impulse. (B) Effect of posture on limb EMA, showing that small animals with crouched postures have lower limb EMA (smaller `R' moment arms: green bars) than larger animals with more erect postures.