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Fig. 10. Scaling of maximum force output (A) and ratio of total piston cross sectional area to stroke length (B) in relation to motor mass over the entire size range of piston engines. The vertical dashed line indicates the crossing point of the scaling fits for Group 1 (dashed line) and Group 2 (solid line) motors. Maximum force output (N), motor mass (kg), total piston area/stroke length (m2 -1).