Fig. 3. Schematic figure of the skull kinematics of Pomacanthus semicirculatus, illustrating the three significant phases of a grab-and-tearing feeding event. (A) Jaw apparatus prior to protrusion onset, (B) protruded, and (C) protruded-closed state (upon jaw retraction, C returns to A after the recovery phase, in preparation for the next feeding event). Colour coding: grey, neurocranium, red, oral jaws, yellow, maxilla, blue, suspensorium, green, opercular series and articular. Arrows indicate displacement, mediated by tendons and ligaments. Open circles indicate rotation and filled circles indicate passive linkage. Cones represent inferred contraction of a muscle group, with myology labelling as in Fig. 2. HPAX: hypaxialis musculature.