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Fig. 3. Kinematics of the starting, stopping and co-joined lateral vortex structures. (A) Image of medusa vortex wake. (B) Corresponding schematic of medusa vortex wake. P, power stroke starting vortex ring; R, recovery stroke stopping vortex ring; L1/L2, adjacent lateral vortex superstructures. (C) Flow paths in vortex wake. Solid arrows indicate directions of vortex rotation; broken arrows, flow induced by vortex rotation.