JEB -- Sun and Xiong 208 (3): 447 Figure IG5

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Fig. 5. Time courses of ${Delta}$ C_L,w (A), ${Delta}$ C_T,w (B) and ${Delta}$ C_M,w (C) in one flapping cycle. ${Delta}$ C_L,w, ${Delta}$ C_T,w and ${Delta}$ C_M,w are the difference between C_L,w, C_T,w and C_M,w at ${Delta}$ u⁺=0.05 ( ${Delta}$ w⁺= ${Delta}$ q⁺=0) and their counterparts at reference flight, respectively. ${Delta}$ u⁺ and ${Delta}$ w⁺, non-dimensional x- and z-components of velocity of center of mass, respectively; ${Delta}$ q⁺, non- dimensional pitching rate; ${tau}$ , non-dimensional time.