Fig. 9. A representative prey capture sequence of C. gariepinus showing a reconstruction of four-bar kinematics of mechanism 1B (Fig. 1B) during mouth opening (A) and mouth closing (B). Both the observed hyoid angle (green line) and lower jaw angle (red line) were used as input, whereas the length of the coupler link (i.e. the angulo–ceratohyal ligament; thick grey line) was adjusted to fit the observed hyoid and lower jaw kinematics. Note that the angulo–ceratohyal ligament elongates during mouth opening, but is stretched again during mouth closure, during which it helps to elevate the hyoid.