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Fig. 8. (A) Moment arm of the ground reaction force (R) and (B) gear ratio (R/r) acting about the knee joint during ground contact for the examined groups. Values are means ± S.D. of both legs. O, older adults; Y, young adults. (Phase 1, 10–26%; Phase 2, 26–42%; Phase 3, 42–58%; Phase 4, 58–74%; Phase 5, 74–90% of ground contact). {ddagger}Significant differences between runners and non-active individuals (P<0.05); there was no age-by-running activity interaction for the analysed parameters (P>0.05).