Fig. 2. Dimensionless translational and angular velocities of the wing as a function of dimensionless time for one `clap and fling' stroke. The total motion was used for all `clap and fling' simulations. For `fling' simulations, the angular and translational velocities follow the second half of the graph. Note that the wing begins to rotate before the end of translation during the upstroke (first half-stroke). Translation during the downstroke (second half-stroke) also begins before wing rotation has ended.