Fig. 2. Proposed pathways for substrate oxidation in bees, showing roles played by fat body, hemolymph, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactions. Not all reactions are included and details concerning individual reactions are left out to emphasize the main routes of carbon flow, the glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) shuttle, and anaplerotic (pyruvate carboxylase and proline oxidation) reactions. Abbreviations are as follows: P_i, inorganic phosphate, G6P, glucose 6-phosphate, F6P, fructose 6-phosphate, FDP, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, pyr, pyruvate, G3P, glycerol 3-phosphate, H, reducing equivalent, OXA, oxaloacetate, CIT, citrate, KG, alpha-ketoglutarate, glut, glutamate, PROL, proline, CYTO, cytoplasmic compartment, MITO, mitochondrial matrix.